View that archive and the most current images.Īerial view of the 2011 Kamoamoa lava fountains looking northeast toward Pu‘u‘ō‘ō, in the background. Note: Beginning in 1997, HVO's website started documenting the eruption of Pu‘u‘ō‘ō in daily to monthly illustrated summaries. The intrusion culminated on June 19 with a brief eruption on the east flank of Kāne Nui O Hamo, a lava shield northwest of Pu‘u‘ō‘ō. As a result, the floor of Pu‘u‘ō‘ō collapsed to form a rubble-filled crater about 80 m (260 ft) deep, which severed the supply of lava to a tube that had been active since 2004. On June 17, 2007, an intrusion of magmainto Kīlauea's upper East Rift Zone depressurized the magma reservoir beneath Pu‘u‘ō‘ō.
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Commonly, a series of rootless shields formed along the lava tube systems, some of which merged to build a broad ridge 2 km (1.2 mi) long in the middle of the flow field. For the next 10 years, lava variously appeared in Pu‘u‘ō‘ō, sometimes overflowing its crater rim, and erupted from new flank vents for several months to a few years at a time. Lava erupted again in the Pu‘u‘ō‘ō crater on February 24, 1997, and within a month, lavaerupted outside the crater from new vents on the west and southwest flanks of the cone. Shortly thereafter, new fissures broke open and erupted briefly in and near Nāpau Crater about 4 km uprift of Pu‘u‘ō‘ō. The lava lake in Pu‘u‘ō‘ō drained, the crater floor dropped about 150 m (500 ft), and a large gap appeared in the west side of the cone. The largest collapse occurred on the night of January 30, 1997, when the magma conduit between the summit and Pu‘u‘ō‘ō ruptured, cutting off the supply of magma to the eruption. (Public domain.)ĭuring this time, the massive Pu‘u‘ō‘ō cone experienced many collapses that enlarged the crater, lowered the crater rim, and formed many small pits and craters on the flanks of the cone. View of Pu‘u‘ō‘ō's west flank in 1999, after crater overflows, continued growth of shield, and collapse of 1997 spatter cone, Kīlauea Volcano Hawai‘i. As new fissures erupted between Pu‘u‘ō‘ō and Kupaianaha for about 3 weeks in November, lava output from Kupaianaha continued to decline until it stopped on February 7, 1992.
The volume of lava erupted from Kupaianaha steadily declined through 1991 as lava activity in Pu‘u‘ō‘ō's crater increased. In late 1990, a new lava tube finally diverted lava away from Kalapana and back into Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. By the end of the year, the entire community, including a church, store, and 100 homes, was buried beneath 15-25 m (50-80 ft) of lava. The eruption entered its most destructive period in March 1990, when breakouts from a lava tube progressively entered the Kalapana community, an area cherished for historic sites and black sand beaches. A lava pond formed above the vent, and frequent overflows built a broad, low shield, later named Kupaianaha, to a height of 56 m (180 ft) in less than a year. Lava first reached the ocean on November 28, 1986, after cutting through the coastal community of Kapa‘ahu and covering a section of Highway 130 (within Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park, the highway is named Chain of Craters road). This marked the end of episodic high lava fountains and the beginning of five-and-a-half years of nearly continuous effusion of pāhoehoe lava flows from the new vent. In 1986, the eruption shifted 3 km (1.8 mi) to the northeast along Kīlauea's East Rift Zone. View of Pu‘u‘ō‘ō's west flank in 1992, and shield growing at base of cone, Kīlauea Volcano Hawai‘i.(Public domain.) In the chronology below, the 61 eruptive episodes are grouped into five broad time periods.
Scientists divided the eruption into 61 episodes of activity, defined by the style of eruption (for example, discrete lava fountain and fissure events or persistent lava effusion) and location of the erupting vent. Lava flows also destroyed 215 structures and buried 14.3 km (8.9 mi) of highway with lava as thick as 35 m (115 ft). By the end of the eruption in 2018, lava flows had covered 144 km 2 (55.6 mi 2), erupted about 4.4 km 3 (1.1 mi 3) of lava, and had added 177 hectares (439 acres) of new land to Kīlauea's southeastern shore. The Pu‘u‘ō‘ō eruption began in 1983, and ranks as the longest and most voluminous known outpouring of lava from Kīlauea Volcano's East Rift Zone in more than 500 years. Lava fountains and flows have profoundly altered the landscape and repeatedly challenged residents with lava inundation.
Kupaianaha vent forms perched lava pond 3 km (1.9 mi) east of Pu‘u‘ō‘ō (cone in background).
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